Causes of acquired dystonia

Cause	Examples
Perinatal brain injury	Delayed-onset dystonia Dystonic cerebral palsy
Cerebrovascular	Arteriovenous malformation and aneurysm Hemorrhage Ischemia
Brain injury	Brain surgery (including stereotactic ablations) Electrical injury Head trauma
Medications	Antihistamines Antimalarials Antiseizure medications Calcium channel blockers Cholinergic agonists Disulfiram Dopamine agonists Dopamine depleting agents (eg, tetrabenazine) Dopamine receptor blocking agents, including antipsychotic drugs and metoclopramide Levodopa Lithium Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Stimulants (eg, methylphenidate) Tricyclic antidepressants
Infection	Encephalitis lethargica Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis Syphilis Tuberculosis Viral encephalitis
Neoplastic and paraneoplastic	Brain tumor Paraneoplastic or autoimmune encephalitis
Toxins and drugs of abuse	3-nitropropionic acid 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) Amphetamine Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Cobalt Cocaine Cyanide Manganese Mercury Methamphetamine Methanol Methcanthinone Organophosphate
Functional	Functional movement disorder

References:

Albanese A, Bhatia K, Bressman SB, et al. Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: A consensus update. Mov Disord 2013; 28:863.
van Egmond ME, Lagrand TJ, Lizaitene G, et al. A novel diagnostic approach to patients with adult-onset dystonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2022; 93:1039.

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