Version June 2024
| Condition | Characteristic features | Radiographic features |
| Epiglottitis (supraglottitis) | Fever, toxic appearance; anxiety out of proportion to degree of respiratory distress; "tripod" and/or "sniffing" posture; drooling | Swollen epiglottis ("thumb sign") on lateral neck radiograph |
| Laryngotracheitis (croup) | Typically occurs in children 6 to 36 months; "barking" cough, stridor; "steeple sign" on anteroposterior neck radiograph | Tapering of upper airway ("steeple sign") on anteroposterior neck radiograph Subglottic narrowing and distended hypopharynx on lateral neck radiograph |
| Bacterial tracheitis | Fever, toxic appearance | Intraluminal membranes and tracheal wall irregularity |
| Uvulitis | Swelling and erythema of the uvula | Radiographs usually not necessary |
| Foreign body | History of sudden onset of choking (though this history is frequently absent); hoarseness or stridor with laryngeal or upper esophageal foreign body | Visualization of radio-opaque foreign body; upper esophageal foreign body may cause distortion or deviation of extrathoracic trachea |
| Retropharyngeal abscess | Typically occurs in children aged two to four years; neck pain, fever, pain with swallowing; drooling; unwillingness to move the neck; trismus; midline or unilateral swelling of posterior pharyngeal wall | Widening of the retropharyngeal space and reversal of the normal cervical spine curvature |
| Peritonsillar abscess | Typically occurs in older children and adolescents; drooling; trismus; muffled voice; tonsillar swelling with deviation of the uvula | Radiographs usually not necessary for diagnosis |
| Angioedema | Rapid onset without prodromal viral illness; swelling of lips and tongue; urticarial rash; dysphagia without hoarseness; possible history of previous attack | Radiographs usually not necessary for diagnosis |
| Congenital anomalies (eg, laryngeal web, laryngomalacia) | Generally have a chronic course and lack systemic symptoms (unless airway narrowing is exacerbated by concomitant infection) | Radiographs usually not necessary for diagnosis |
| Respiratory diphtheria | Gradual onset of symptoms: sore throat, malaise, and low-grade fever; presence of diphtheritic membrane | Radiographs usually not necessary for diagnosis |
| Thermal or chemical injury | History of exposure; lack of fever or prodromal illness | Radiographs usually not necessary for diagnosis |
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