Impaired cell-mediated immunity |
AIDS |
Use of corticosteroids or other immunomodulatory agents |
Malignancy |
Impaired phagocytic function |
Hemoglobinopathies |
Chronic granulomatous disease |
Malaria |
Histoplasmosis |
Schistosomiasis |
Extremes of age |
Neonates |
Elderly |
Decreased gastric acidity |
Antacids or suppression of acid secretion |
Achlorhydria |
Altered intestinal function |
Inflammatory bowel disease |
Prior antibiotic therapy |
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