Selected causes of and contributing factors to expressive language delay in young children

Cause/Contributing factor	Examples
Maturational language delay* (constitutional language delay)
Hearing impairment
Prematurity and/or low birth weight
Infectious diseases	Intrauterine infection, meningitis, HIV/AIDS
Neurologic conditions	Seizures, cerebral palsy, apraxia of speech, etc
Metabolic conditions	Hypothyroidism, phenylketonuria, etc
Toxicologic conditions	Lead poisoning, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
Genetic conditions	Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome, Williams syndrome, neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, etc
Family history	Language delay, learning problems, dyslexia, cognitive disability, etc
Socioeconomic factors	Poverty, low parental educational attainment
Lack of language stimulation, parent-child dysfunction, or disruption in parenting	Social distancing/isolation (eg, due to COVID-19 pandemic), maternal depression, child neglect or abuse, time spent in an orphanage, multiple foster care placements, etc

* Maturational language delay is a diagnosis made in younger children who are in the early developmental period. These delays may resolve in some children or progress to a more specific diagnosis by the age of school entry. However, making the functional diagnosis of maturational language delay may allow the child to receive treatment services while the other causes of language delay are being evaluated.

Graphic 50911 Version 4.0

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Selected causes of and contributing factors to expressive language delay in young children