Version June 2024
| Mechanism of injury | Additional considerations | Potential associated injuries |
| Motor vehicle collisions | ||
| Head-on collision | Facial injuries Lower extremity injuries Aortic injuries | |
| Rear-end collision | Hyperextension injuries of cervical spine Cervical spine fractures Central cord syndrome | |
| Lateral (T-bone) collision | Thoracic injuries Abdominal injuries: spleen, liver Pelvic injuries Clavicle, humerus, rib fractures | |
| Rollover | Greater chance of ejection Significant mechanism of injury | Crush injuries Compression fractures of spine |
| Ejected from vehicle | Likely unrestrained Significant mortality | Spinal injuries |
| Windshield damage | Likely unrestrained | Closed head injuries, coup and countercoup injuries Facial fractures Skull fractures Cervical spine fractures |
| Steering wheel damage | Likely unrestrained | Thoracic injuries
|
| Dashboard involvement/damage | Pelvic and acetabular injuries Dislocated hip | |
| Restraint/seat belt use | ||
| Proper three-point restraint | Decreased morbidity | Sternal and rib fractures, pulmonary contusions |
| Lap belt only | Chance fractures, abdominal injuries, head and facial injuries/fractures | |
| Shoulder belt only | Cervical spine injuries/fractures, "submarine" out of restraint devices (possible ejection) | |
| Airbag deployment | Front-end collisions Less severe head/upper torso injuries Not effective for lateral impacts More severe injuries in children (improper front seat placement) | Upper extremity soft tissue injuries/fractures Lower extremity injuries/fractures |
| Pedestrian versus automobile | ||
| Low speed (braking automobile) | Tibia and fibula fractures, knee injuries | |
| High speed | Waddle's triad - tibia/fibula or femur fractures, truncal injuries, craniofacial injuries "Thrown" pedestrians at risk for multisystem injuries | |
| Bicycle | ||
| Automobile related | Closed head injuries "Handlebar" injuries
| |
| Nonautomobile related | Extremity injuries "Handlebar" injuries | |
| Falls | LD50 36 to 60 feet (11 to 18 m) | |
| Vertical impact | Calcaneal and lower extremity fractures Pelvic fractures Closed head injuries Cervical spine fractures Renal and renal vascular injuries | |
| Horizontal impact | Craniofacial fractures Hand and wrist fractures Abdominal and thoracic visceral injuries Aortic injuries | |
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