Version May 2024
| Disease category | Primary underlying mechanism |
| Airway obstruction | |
| Choanal atresia | Hypoventilation |
| Laryngotracheomalacia | |
| Macroglossia | |
| Micrognathia or retrognathia (eg, Pierre-Robin syndrome) | |
| Cardiac | |
| Congenital cyanotic heart disease | Right-to-left shunting |
| Heart failure/pulmonary edema | Impaired alveolar-arterial diffusion and V/Q mismatch |
| Hematologic | |
| Hemoglobinopathies (eg, methemoglobinemia) | Impaired oxygen saturation |
| Polycythemia | Elevated hemoglobin resulting in low oxygen saturation |
| Metabolic | |
| Severe hypoglycemia | Hypoventilation due to decreased or absent respiratory effort secondary to lethargy, seizures, and/or apnea |
| Inborn errors of metabolism | |
| Neurologic | |
| Central nervous system depression | |
| Apnea of prematurity | Hypoventilation |
| Infection (eg, meningitis, encephalitis) | |
| Intraventricular hemorrhage | |
| Maternal sedation | |
| Seizure | |
| Neuromuscular disorder | |
| Neonatal myasthenia gravis | Hypoventilation |
| Phrenic nerve injury | |
| Spinal muscular atrophy type 1 (Wernig-Hoffman disease) | |
| Pulmonary | |
| Parenchymal disease | |
| Atelectasis | V/Q mismatch |
| Alveolar capillary dysplasia | |
| Lobar emphysema | |
| Pneumonia | |
| Pulmonary hypoplasia | |
| Pulmonary hemorrhage | |
| Respiratory distress syndrome (Hyaline membrane disease) | |
| Transient tachypnea of the newborn | |
| Pulmonary fibrosis | Impaired alveolar-arterial diffusion |
| Pulmonary edema | Impaired alveolar-arterial diffusion and V/Q mismatch |
| Nonparenchymal disease | |
| Pleural effusion | V/Q mismatch |
| Pneumothorax | |
| Other | |
| Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn | Right-to-left shunting |
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