Neonatal morbidity and mortality data by delivery type, New Jersey 1989 to 1993, rate per 10,000 deliveries

Outcome	Unassisted (spontaneous) delivery	Forceps delivery	Vacuum delivery	Vacuum plus forceps
Cephalohematoma	167	635	1117	1361
Facial nerve injury	2.4	37.0	5.2	52.9
Intracranial hemorrhage	3.7	17.0	16.2	26.5
Mechanical ventilation	23.5	31.3	40.3	74.1
Retinal hemorrhage	18.2	19.3	15.7	31.8

Data from: Demissie K, Rhoads GG, Smulian JC, et al. Operative vaginal delivery and neonatal and infant adverse outcomes: population based retrospective analysis. BMJ 2004; 329:24.

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