Patient education: Labor and childbirth (The Basics)

What happens during labor? — When a person is pregnant, labor is the process that leads to birth of the baby. During labor:

●You will have contractions, which is when the uterus tightens. Contractions can be painful and make your belly feel hard.

●Your cervix will soften, thin out, and open up (or "dilate").

●As you get closer to giving birth, your baby will move down from the uterus into the vagina. When this happens, it can feel like you are going to have a bowel movement.

Labor usually starts on its own between 37 and 42 weeks of pregnancy.

What does "inducing labor" mean? — In some cases, doctors will decide to "induce" labor. This sometimes involves first giving you medicine to soften your cervix. Another way to soften the cervix is to put a thin tube into your vagina and through the cervix. Medicine is usually needed to start contractions. This medicine is given into your vein (by "IV"). Sometimes, labor is induced in other ways.

Doctors only induce labor before 39 weeks if there is a medical reason. Usually, this means a situation where waiting to give birth could be dangerous for you or your baby.

What happens during a vaginal birth? — When a baby comes out of the vagina, it's called a "vaginal birth." When your body is ready to give birth, the doctor or midwife will help you as you push the baby out.

During a vaginal birth:

●Once your cervix has opened all of the way (10 centimeters), you will work hard to push your baby out (figure 1). Your doctor or midwife will tell you when to start pushing.

●In most cases, you can be in whatever position feels comfortable to you. For example, you can lie on your side, sit up, kneel, or squat.

●Pushing a baby out can take anywhere from minutes to hours. It usually takes longer if it is your first baby.

●Most people are able to push the baby out without any problems. But sometimes, the doctor or midwife will help get the baby out by pulling on a device that can be placed on the baby's head. If the doctor needs to get the baby out right away, they usually will do surgery (cesarean birth).

Does childbirth hurt? — Yes, childbirth usually hurts. Pain can come both from contractions and, later, from your vagina stretching as you push your baby out. But the amount of pain is different for everyone. People choose to manage their pain in different ways. There is no 1 way that works for everyone. The right decision is the one that is best for you.

●Some people choose to have a "natural" childbirth. This means that they do not use any pain medicines during labor or birth. Instead, they do other things, such as breathing exercises, warm baths or showers, or massage. These things can help with pain.

●Other people choose to have medicines to lessen the pain of labor and birth. There are different ways of getting medicines for pain. Medicine might be breathed in, given through a vein (by "IV"), or given through a thin tube that is placed in your back (an "epidural block").

What if my baby is not in the right position? — Before birth, babies lie in the uterus in different positions (figure 2). At the end of pregnancy, most babies lie with their head closest to the vagina so they are born head-first. But some babies lie with their legs, buttocks, or shoulders closest to the vagina. Doctors call it "breech" if a baby's legs or buttocks are closest to the vagina.

If your baby isn't facing head down, your doctor or midwife will talk with you about your options. They might be able to turn your baby to the head-down position before you go into labor. Or they might suggest that you have a cesarean birth.

What happens after I give birth? — After your baby is born, the doctor or midwife will give the baby to you, or to a pediatrician if the baby needs to be checked right away. Then:

●If you and your baby are both healthy, the doctor or midwife might wait a minute or more before they clamp and cut the umbilical cord. This allows the baby to get some of the blood that is in the placenta. (The placenta is the organ inside the uterus that brings a baby nutrients and oxygen and carries away waste.)

●Next, the placenta also needs to come out of your uterus. The placenta usually comes out naturally within 30 minutes of the baby's birth, but sometimes, the doctor or midwife has to help remove it.

●After the placenta is out of your uterus, the doctor or midwife will examine your vagina and vulva. If your skin tore during birth, you might need some stitches.

What happens to my baby after birth? — After birth, the doctor, nurse, midwife, or pediatrician will do a quick exam to check your baby's body and general health. Part of this exam is called an "Apgar test." It checks your baby's heart rate, breathing, movement, muscles, and skin color. Your baby will get Apgar tests at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth.

Soon after birth, you will be able to hold your baby. You can even breastfeed them, if you choose to breastfeed.

Your baby will get some treatments soon after birth. These include eye drops or an eye ointment to prevent an eye infection, and a dose of vitamin K to prevent abnormal bleeding.

Before your baby leaves the hospital, they will also have a:

●Detailed physical exam

●Blood test to check for different serious diseases that babies can be born with. This test is done with a heel prick. For more information on this testing, ask your doctor or nurse.

●Hearing test

●Dose of the hepatitis B vaccine – Vaccines can prevent certain serious or deadly infections. Hepatitis B is a serious liver infection.

When should I call the doctor or nurse after a vaginal birth? — After you leave the hospital, call your doctor or nurse if you:

●Bleed a lot from your vagina – It is normal to have some vaginal bleeding for a few weeks after giving birth. But let your doctor or nurse know if you are having large blood clots or if your bleeding increases.

●Feel dizzy or faint

●Have a fever

●Vomit

●Have new belly pain

●Have a severe headache or problems with your vision

●Feel sad or helpless

More on this topic

Patient education: Cesarean birth (The Basics)
Patient education: Preterm labor (The Basics)
Patient education: Managing pain during labor and childbirth (The Basics)
Patient education: How to tell when labor starts (The Basics)
Patient education: Newborn appearance (The Basics)
Patient education: Shoulder dystocia (The Basics)
Patient education: Vaginal birth after a cesarean (The Basics)
Patient education: Breech pregnancy (The Basics)
Patient education: Fetal monitoring during labor (The Basics)
Patient education: When your baby is measuring large during pregnancy (The Basics)
Patient education: When your baby is measuring small during pregnancy (The Basics)
Patient education: Labor induction (The Basics)

Patient education: C-section (cesarean delivery) (Beyond the Basics)
Patient education: Preterm labor (Beyond the Basics)