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Patient education: Type 2 diabetes (The Basics)

Patient education: Type 2 diabetes (The Basics)

What is type 2 diabetes? — Type 2 diabetes is a disorder that disrupts the way the body uses sugar. It is sometimes called type 2 diabetes mellitus.

All of the cells in the body need sugar to work normally. Sugar gets into the cells with the help of a hormone called insulin. Insulin is made by the pancreas, an organ in the belly. If there is not enough insulin, or if the body stops responding to insulin, sugar builds up in the blood. That is what happens to people with diabetes.

There are 2 different types of diabetes:

Type 1 diabetes – In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas does not make insulin or makes very little insulin.

Type 2 diabetes – In most people with type 2 diabetes, the body stops responding to insulin normally. Then, over time, the pancreas stops making enough insulin.

Having excess body weight or obesity increases a person's risk of developing type 2 diabetes. But people without excess body weight can get diabetes, too.

What are the symptoms of type 2 diabetes? — Type 2 diabetes usually causes no symptoms. When symptoms do happen, they include:

Needing to urinate often

Intense thirst

Blurry vision

Can diabetes lead to other health problems? — Yes. Type 2 diabetes might not make you feel sick. But if it is not managed, it can lead to serious problems over time, such as:

Heart attacks

Strokes

Kidney disease

Vision problems (or even blindness)

Pain or loss of feeling in the hands and feet

Needing to have fingers, toes, or other body parts removed (amputated)

How do I know if I have type 2 diabetes? — To find out if you have type 2 diabetes, your doctor or nurse can do a blood test. There are 2 tests that can be used for this. Both involve measuring the amount of sugar in your blood, called your "blood sugar" or "blood glucose":

One of the tests measures your blood sugar at the time the blood sample is taken. This test is done in the morning. You can't eat or drink anything except water for at least 8 hours before the test.

The other test shows what your average blood sugar has been for the past 2 to 3 months. This blood test is called "hemoglobin A1C" or just "A1C." It can be checked at any time of the day, even if you have recently eaten.

How is type 2 diabetes treated? — The goals of treatment are to manage your blood sugar and lower the risk of future problems that can happen in people with diabetes.

Treatment might include:

Lifestyle changes – This is an important part of managing diabetes. It includes eating healthy foods and getting plenty of physical activity.

Medicines – There are a few medicines that help lower blood sugar. Some people need to take pills that help the body make more insulin or that help insulin do its job. Others need insulin shots.

Depending on what medicines you take, you might need to check your blood sugar regularly at home. But not everyone with type 2 diabetes needs to do this. Your doctor or nurse will tell you if you should be checking your blood sugar, and when and how to do this.

Sometimes, people with type 2 diabetes also need medicines to help prevent problems caused by the disease. For instance, medicines used to lower blood pressure can reduce the chances of a heart attack or stroke.

General medical care – It's also important to take care of other areas of your health. This includes watching your blood pressure and cholesterol levels. You should also get certain vaccines, such as vaccines to protect against the flu and coronavirus disease 2019 ("COVID-19"). Some people also need a vaccine to prevent pneumonia.

Can type 2 diabetes be prevented? — Yes. To lower your chances of getting type 2 diabetes, the most important thing you can do is eat a healthy diet and get plenty of physical activity. This can help you lose weight if you are overweight. But eating well and being active are also good for your overall health. Even gentle activity, like walking, has benefits.

If you smoke, quitting can also lower your risk of type 2 diabetes. Quitting smoking can be difficult, but your doctor or nurse can help.

More on this topic

Patient education: Lowering your risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (The Basics)
Patient education: Treatment for type 2 diabetes (The Basics)
Patient education: Type 1 diabetes (The Basics)
Patient education: The ABCs of diabetes (The Basics)
Patient education: Hemoglobin A1C tests (The Basics)
Patient education: Diabetes and diet (The Basics)
Patient education: Chronic kidney disease (The Basics)
Patient education: Nerve damage caused by diabetes (The Basics)
Patient education: Diabetic retinopathy (The Basics)
Patient education: Care during pregnancy for people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes (The Basics)
Patient education: Low blood sugar in people with diabetes (The Basics)
Patient education: Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (The Basics)
Patient education: Diabetes and infections (The Basics)
Patient education: How to use an insulin pen (The Basics)
Patient education: How to give an insulin shot (The Basics)
Patient education: Foot care for people with diabetes (The Basics)
Patient education: Diabetic foot ulcer (The Basics)
Patient education: Hypomagnesemia (The Basics)
Patient education: Keeping track of your blood sugar (The Basics)
Patient education: Blood glucose tests (The Basics)

Patient education: Type 2 diabetes: Overview (Beyond the Basics)
Patient education: Type 2 diabetes: Treatment (Beyond the Basics)
Patient education: Type 2 diabetes: Insulin treatment (Beyond the Basics)
Patient education: Exercise and medical care for people with type 2 diabetes (Beyond the Basics)
Patient education: Glucose monitoring in diabetes (Beyond the Basics)
Patient education: Type 2 diabetes and diet (Beyond the Basics)
Patient education: Preventing complications from diabetes (Beyond the Basics)
Patient education: Diabetic neuropathy (Beyond the Basics)
Patient education: Foot care for people with diabetes (Beyond the Basics)
Patient education: Metabolic syndrome (Beyond the Basics)

This topic retrieved from UpToDate on: Feb 02, 2024.
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