| System | Acute | Chronic |
| Cardiovascular | - Naive users at low dose → increased HR, increased systolic and diastolic blood pressures, followed by parasympathetic response (bradycardia and hypotension); acute use may result in increased CO
- Naive users at high dose → parasympathetic response may predominate with bradycardia and postural hypotension
- Various arrhythmias associated with acute use (atrial fibrillation/flutter and ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation)
- Increased risk of myocardial infarction
| - Increased HR and CO with heavy daily cannabis use
- High-dose THC can also result in decreased HR and tolerance to orthostatic hypotension
|
| Vascular | - Variable effects depending on neuronal activity
- Endothelial vasodilation can increase CBF
- Hypoxia or hypercapnia may reduce CBF
| - Increased incidence of CVA and TIA related to cerebral vasospasm and atherosclerosis
|
| Respiratory | - Bronchodilation related to THC-mediated effects
- Airway hyperreactivity related to local irritation by cannabis smoke
- Case report of pharyngeal, uvular edema
| - Chronic bronchitis (coughing, increased sputum, and wheezing)
- Increases in lung volumes
|
| Hematological | - Variable effects
- Anticoagulant effects → increased clotting times (animal models) and decreased platelet function (human studies)
- Procoagulant effects → increased platelet aggregation and arterial wall inflammation
| - Final effect on hemostasis depends on particular cannabinoids involved and interaction with platelets, endothelial system
|
| Gastrointestinal | - Antiemetic effects
- Reduced gastric acid secretion/emptying
- Reduced GI transit, colonic emptying
- Increased appetite
| - CHS → abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting
|
| CNS | - Impaired executive functioning (decision-making, reasoning, and problem-solving)
- Sedation, dizziness, euphoria, and disorientation
- Anxiety paranoia and dysphoria
| - Dependence
- Psychosis
- Lasting impairments in memory and attention
|
| Endocrine | - Suppressed secretion of prolactin, growth hormone, and androgen
- Appetite stimulation
- Increased energy intake and storage → adipogenesis, growth/ intolerance maturation of adipocytes, and increased glucose uptake
| - Decreased gonadal function (males → impaired sperm function and gynecomastia; females → anovulation and galactorrhea)
- Reduced insulin secretion and glucose
|
| Thermoregulation | | |
