Subsequent treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-related arthritis

csDMARD: conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; IL: interleukin; JAK: Janus kinase; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.

* In patients with severe symptoms and/or functional impairment, concomitant short-term use of systemic glucocorticoids may also be beneficial.

¶ Patients with axial arthritis should also receive physical therapy for a back exercise program.

Δ Patients may have symptoms of active IBD (eg, weight loss, bloody stool) or, in the absence of overt symptoms, evidence of active subclinical IBD on laboratory tests (eg, elevated fecal calprotectin), imaging, and/or endoscopy.