Version July 2025
AP: anteroposterior; CT: computed tomography; MR: magnetic resonance; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging.
* These symptoms may include weakness, numbness, or pain of arms or legs, occipital neuralgia, bowel or bladder dysfunction, imbalance, or cranial nerve deficits.
¶ Choice of modality depends on local expertise.
Δ These symptoms may include dizziness, syncope, vertigo, "drop attacks," diplopia, dysphagia.
◊ Space available for the spinal cord is calculated by subtracting the sagittal diameter of the spinal cord from the sagittal diameter of the spinal canal.