Individual immunosuppressive drugs and sites of action in the three-signal model
Individual immunosuppressive drugs and sites of action in the three-signal model
Anti-CD154 antibody has been withdrawn from clinical trials but remains of interest. FTY720 engagement of S-1-P receptors triggers and internalizes the receptors and alters lymphocyte recirculation, causing lymphopenia. Antagonists of chemokine receptors (not shown) are also being developed in preclinical models.
AP-1: activator protein 1;
CD: cluster of differentiation proteins;
CDK: cyclin-dependent kinase;
CTLA-4-Ig: cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4-Ig;
IKK: inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase;
JAK3: Janus kinase 3;
mAB: monoclonal antibody;
MAP: Mycobacterium paratuberculosis;
MHC: major histocompatibility complex;
MPA: mycophenolic acid;
mRNA: messenger ribonucleic acid;
NFAT: nuclear factor of activated T cells;
NF-KB: nuclear factor kappa B;
PI-3K: phosphoinositide-3-kinase;
S-1-P: sphingosine-1-phosphate;
TCR: T cell receptor.