Cognitive bias | Comments | Risk reduction strategies |
Availability heuristic | Linking the current situation to the most memorable prior events (emotionally charged) rather than to the most alike | Identify at least 3 possibilities and do not use only the first that comes to mind |
Confirmation | A tendency to focus on data that support and ignoring further details that would refute the initial assessment | Physically or mentally list all aspects of the case, even those that appear irrelevant; present to a colleague and ask for their assessment |
Anchoring or fixation | Focusing on a single aspect of a case (often the initial one) rather than the complete picture | As above |
Overconfidence | Inaccurate overly positive self-assessment | Recognize this tendency, ask "how could I have gone wrong?" |
Visceral or emotional | Allowing feelings about a patient to influence the assessment ("high maintenance," "drug seeking," "VIP patient") | Be cognizant of personal positive or negative emotional response to patient; consider if diagnosis would be different if the patient were of a different race or socio-economic class |
Reconstruction | "Filling in the blanks" when the current situation lacks certain features of the perceived most likely diagnosis | Ask "what do I know for sure, and what is missing that is typically seen in this condition?" |
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