| Cervical dystonia | - Klippel-Feil syndrome
- Atlanto-axial subluxation
- Congenital muscular torticollis
- Tics
- Vestibulopathy ("vestibular torticollis")
- Trochlear/abducens nerve palsy (head tilt)
- Space-occupying lesion in posterior fossa or spinal cord
- Retropharyngeal abscess
- Sternocleidomastoid injuries
- Upper spinal cord syringomyelia
- Arnold Chiari malformation
- Dropped head syndrome in neuromuscular disease
- Kyphosis
- Functional movement disorder
|
| Limb dystonia (posturing) | - Contracture
- Spasticity
- Rigidity
- Abnormal posture due to paresis or atrophy
- Shoulder subluxation
- Dystonic (tonic) tics
- Trigger finger
- Myotonia or neuromyotonia
- Sensory ataxia and/or pseudoathetosis
- Stiff-person syndrome
- Tonic spasms (hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, alkalosis)
- Focal tonic seizures
- Functional movement disorder
|
| Generalized dystonia | - Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM)
- Carpopedal spasms
- Myelopathy
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Subacute combined degeneration (B12 deficiency)
- Functional movement disorder
|
