| Comment |
Short-term |
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (preeclampsia, gestational hypertension) | - Preeclampsia can be life-threatening
- These disorders often lead to medically-indicated preterm birth
|
Large for gestational age newborn or macrosomia | - May result in maternal or neonatal birth trauma
- Macrosomia is an indication for planned cesarean birth
|
Polyhydramnios | |
Operative delivery (cesarean birth, forceps- or vacuum-assisted vaginal birth) | |
Fetal/neonatal cardiomyopathy | - Usually asymptomatic, but 5 to 10% have respiratory distress or signs of poor cardiac output or heart failure
- Most often in the setting of suboptimal glucose control
|
Neonatal respiratory problems | - Usually mild.
- Most often in the setting of suboptimal glucose control. Fetal/neonatal hyperinsulinemia appears to delay surfactant synthesis.
|
Neonatal metabolic problems (hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, polycythemia and hyperviscosity syndrome) | - Most often in the setting of suboptimal glucose control
- Hypoglycemia and hyperbilirubinemia are the most common metabolic problems
|
Longterm |
Maternal |
- Diabetes mellitus (primarily type 2)
| - The lifetime maternal risk for diabetes is estimated to be 50 to 60%
|
| - Individuals with GDM are at higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease and developing it at a younger age than those with no history of GDM
|
Offspring |
- Diabetes mellitus
- Obesity
- Possibly adverse neurodevelopment
| |