Note: 1 mcg = 40 USP units.
Adequate Intake (AI): Oral: 400 units/day (10 mcg/day) (IOM 2011).
Vitamin D deficiency, prevention:
Premature neonates:
Birthweight ≤1.5 kg: Oral: Initial: 200 units (5 mcg) daily; increase to 400 units (10 mcg) daily when weight >1.5 to 2 kg and tolerating full enteral nutrition (AAP [Abrams 2013]); some experts recommended higher doses of 800 to 1,000 units (20 to 25 mcg) daily for stable growing preterm neonates weighing 1 to 1.8 kg (ESPGHAN [Agostoni 2010]).
Birthweight >1.5 kg: Oral: 400 units (10 mcg) daily when tolerating full enteral nutrition (AAP [Abrams 2013]); some experts recommended higher doses of 800 to 1,000 units (20 to 25 mcg) daily for stable growing preterm neonates up to 1.8 kg (ESPGHAN [Agostoni 2010]).
Full-term neonates: Breast-fed (fully or partially): Oral: 400 units (10 mcg) daily beginning in the first few days of life; continue supplementation unless infant is transitioned to full formula intake (AAP [Golden 2014]; Abrams 2020).
Vitamin D deficiency (severe, symptomatic), treatment: Full-term neonates: Oral: 2,000 units (50 mcg) daily for 6 weeks to achieve a serum 25(OH)D level >20 ng/mL; followed by a maintenance dose of 400 to 1,000 units (10 to 25 mcg) daily. Monitor vitamin D status closely; treatment should also include calcium supplementation (AAP [Golden 2014]; Munns 2016). A lower dose of 1,000 units (25 mcg) daily has also been recommended (AAP [Misra 2008]).
Note: 1 mcg = 40 USP units.
Hypoparathyroidism: Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Oral: 50,000 to 200,000 units (1,250 to 5,000 mcg) daily with calcium supplements.
Vitamin D deficiency, prevention (eg, Rickets prevention) (AAP [Golden 2014]; Abrams 2020; Munns 2016):
Breastfed infants (fully or partially): Oral: 400 units (10 mcg) daily beginning in the first few days of life; continue supplementation unless infant is transitioned to full formula intake.
Children and Adolescents without adequate intake: Oral: 600 units (15 mcg) daily. Note: Children with increased risk of vitamin D deficiency (chronic fat malabsorption, maintained on chronic antiseizure medications) may require higher doses. Use laboratory testing [25(OH)D, PTH, bone mineral status] to evaluate.
Vitamin D deficiency (severe, symptomatic), treatment: Note: Treatment should also include calcium; some patients with chronic fat malabsorption, obesity, or who are maintained on chronic antiseizure medications, glucocorticoids, HIV medications, or antifungals may require higher doses of ergocalciferol (AAP [Golden 2014]); monitor vitamin D status closely:
Infants: Oral: 2,000 units (50 mcg) daily for 6 weeks to achieve a serum 25(OH)D level >20 ng/mL; followed by a maintenance dose of 400 to 1,000 units (10 to 25 mcg) daily. Note: For patients at high risk of fractures a serum 25(OH)D level >30 ng/mL has been suggested (AAP [Golden 2014]).
Children and Adolescents: Oral: 2,000 units (50 mcg) daily for 6 to 8 weeks to achieve a serum 25(OH)D level >20 ng/mL; followed by a maintenance dose of 600 to 1,000 units (15 to 25 mcg) daily. Note: For patients at high risk of fractures a serum 25(OH)D level >30 ng/mL has been suggested (AAP [Golden 2014]).
Vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency associated with CKD (stages 2 to 5, 5D); serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) level <30 ng/mL: (K/DOQI Guidelines 2009):
Serum 25(OH)D level 16 to 30 ng/mL: Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Oral: 2,000 units (50 mcg) daily for 3 months or 50,000 units (1,250 mcg) every month for 3 months.
Serum 25(OH)D level 5 to 15 ng/mL: Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Oral: 4,000 units (100 mcg) daily for 12 weeks or 50,000 units (1,250 mcg) every other week for 12 weeks.
Serum 25(OH)D level <5 ng/mL: Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Oral: 8,000 units (200 mcg) daily for 4 weeks then 4,000 units (100 mcg) daily for 2 months for total therapy of 3 months or 50,000 units (1,250 mcg) weekly for 4 weeks followed by 50,000 units (1,250 mcg) 2 times monthly for a total therapy of 3 months.
Maintenance dose [once repletion accomplished; serum 25(OH)D level >30 ng/mL]: Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Oral: 200 to 1,000 units (5 to 25 mcg) daily.
Rickets:
Nutritional rickets, treatment: Limited data available (Munns 2016): Administer in combination with calcium supplementation:
Daily therapy (preferred):
Infants: Oral: 2,000 units (50 mcg) daily for ≥3 months, followed by maintenance dose of 400 units (10 mcg) daily.
Children: Oral: 3,000 to 6,000 units (75 to 150 mcg) daily for ≥3 months, followed by maintenance dose of 600 units (15 mcg) daily.
Adolescents: Oral: 6,000 units (150 mcg) daily for ≥3 months, followed by maintenance dose of 600 units (15 mcg) daily.
Single-dose therapy: Note: While ergocalciferol can be used, cholecalciferol is the preferred supplement for single-dose therapy due to longer half-life
Infants ≥3 months: Oral: 50,000 units (1,250 mcg) once, or in divided doses over several days; after 3 months, initiate maintenance dose of 400 units (10 mcg) daily.
Children: Oral: 150,000 units (3,750 mcg) once, or in divided doses over several days; after 3 months, initiate maintenance dose of 600 units (15 mcg) daily.
Adolescents: Oral: 300,000 units (7,500 mcg) once, or in divided doses over several days; after 3 months, initiate maintenance dose of 600 units (15 mcg) daily.
Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.
There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer’s labeling; however, ergocalciferol is not renally eliminated to a significant extent and dosage adjustment is not necessary.
There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer’s labeling.
(For additional information see "Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol): Drug information")
Note: 1 mcg = 40 units
Osteoporosis prevention (off-label use): Oral: Adults ≥50 years of age: 800 to 1,000 units/day (20 to 25 mcg/day) is recommended, through dietary sources and/or supplementation if needed (NOF [Cosman 2014]).
Vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency (off-label use):
Note: The optimal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) level has not been established; generally, deficiency is defined as 25(OH)D levels <12 ng/mL (<30 nmol/L), and insufficiency is defined as 25(OH)D levels 12 to <20 ng/mL (30 to <50 nmol/L) (Giustina 2019). Therefore, some experts suggest a target range of 20 to 40 ng/mL (50 to 100 nmol/L) for most patients (Dawson-Hughes 2022). Individualize dose based on patient-specific factors (eg, presence of malabsorption, liver disease, kidney disease) and target 25(OH)D level and ensure adequate calcium intake during therapy (Dawson-Hughes 2022; NOF [Cosman 2014]). The following recommendations are based primarily on expert opinion and clinical experience:
Prevention:
Oral: 600 to 1,000 units (15 to 25 mcg) once daily (IOM 2011; NOF [Cosman 2014]).
Treatment:
Initial dosing:
High-dose therapy: May be preferred in patients with a serum 25(OH)D level <12 ng/mL (<30 nmol/L) or who are symptomatic (eg, bone fracture/pain, muscle weakness), or in patients with concomitant hypocalcemia (Dawson-Hughes 2022; Goltzman 2022; NOF [Cosman 2014]).
Oral: 50,000 units (1,250 mcg) once weekly (or equivalent dose administered once daily) for 6 to 12 weeks, then recheck 25(OH)D level; may repeat high-dose therapy if needed to achieve target 25(OH)D level (Dawson-Hughes 2022; Goltzman 2022; NOF [Cosman 2014]).
Low-dose therapy: May be preferred in patients with a serum 25(OH)D level 12 to <20 ng/mL (30 to <50 nmol/L) without symptoms or concomitant hypocalcemia (Dawson-Hughes 2022).
Oral: 800 to 1,000 units (20 to 25 mcg) once daily for ~3 to 4 months; may adjust dose if needed every 3 to 4 months based on 25(OH)D level. Some experts suggest modest dose increases (eg, to 2,000 units [50 mcg] once daily) if serum 25(OH)D levels have substantially increased but remain below target or switching to high-dose therapy if serum 25(OH)D levels remain substantially below target (Dawson-Hughes 2022).
Maintenance dosing: Oral: Once target 25(OH)D level is achieved, continue at a maintenance dose of 600 to 2,000 units (15 to 50 mcg) once daily (Dawson-Hughes 2022; NOF [Cosman 2014]).
Special populations (eg, obesity, patients on medications known to affect vitamin D metabolism, malabsorption, gastrectomy): Higher doses or longer durations may be necessary for adequate replacement. In patients with malabsorption when target 25(OH)D levels cannot be maintained with ergocalciferol, consider switching to hydroxylated vitamin D metabolites (eg, calcitriol) (Brandi 2013; Dawson-Hughes 2022).
Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.
There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer’s labeling.
In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) G3a to G5D, Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes guidelines recommend correcting vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency with treatment strategies recommended for patients without kidney impairment. In patients with CKD G4 to G5 with severe and progressive hyperparathyroidism despite correction of modifiable factors (eg, hyperphosphatemia, vitamin D deficiency), calcitriol or vitamin D analogs are suggested (KDIGO 2017).
There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling.
The following adverse drug reactions and incidences are derived from product labeling unless otherwise specified.
Frequency not defined: Endocrine & metabolic: Hypervitaminosis D
Hypercalcemia; malabsorption syndrome; abnormal sensitivity to the toxic effects of vitamin D; hypervitaminosis D.
Note: Although the manufacturer's labeling lists use in malabsorption syndrome as contraindicated, when dosed appropriately, ergocalciferol may be used in these patients (AACE/ACE [Camacho 2020]; Dawson-Hughes 2022).
Concerns related to adverse effects:
• Vitamin D toxicity: May occur with excessive doses; symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, constipation, dehydration, fatigue, irritability, confusion, weakness, and/or weight loss. Effects of vitamin D can last ≥2 months after therapy is discontinued.
Disease-related concerns:
• Hyperphosphatemia: Normal serum phosphorous concentrations must be maintained in patients treated for hyperphosphatemia to prevent metastatic calcification.
Dosage form specific issues:
• Propylene glycol: Oral solutions may contain propylene glycol; toxicities may occur if large doses of vitamin D are required. Alternate dosage forms/products should be used (Misra 2008).
• Tartrazine: Products may contain tartrazine, which may cause allergic reactions in certain individuals.
Some dosage forms may contain propylene glycol; in neonates large amounts of propylene glycol delivered orally, intravenously (eg, >3,000 mg/day), or topically have been associated with potentially fatal toxicities which can include metabolic acidosis, seizures, renal failure, and CNS depression; toxicities have also been reported in children and adults including hyperosmolality, lactic acidosis, seizures, and respiratory depression; use caution (AAP 1997; Shehab 2009).
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling. [DSC] = Discontinued product
Capsule, Oral:
Drisdol: 1250 mcg (50000 unit) [contains fd&c blue #1 (brilliant blue), fd&c yellow #5 (tartrazine), soybean oil]
Ergocal: 62.5 mcg (2500 unit) [DSC] [gluten free; contains fd&c blue #1 (brill blue) aluminum lake, gelatin (bovine), quinoline yellow (d&c yellow #10), soybean lecithin]
Generic: 1250 mcg (50000 unit)
Solution, Oral:
Calcidol: 200 mcg/mL (8000 unit/mL) (60 mL) [alcohol free, dye free, gluten free, lactose free, sugar free; contains propylene glycol]
Calciferol: 200 mcg/mL (8000 unit/mL) (60 mL [DSC]) [contains propylene glycol]
Generic: 200 mcg/mL (8000 unit/mL) (60 mL)
Tablet, Oral:
Generic: 10 mcg (400 unit), 50 mcg (2000 unit)
Yes
Capsules (Drisdol Oral)
1.25 MG(50000 UT) (per each): $3.49
Capsules (Ergocalciferol Oral)
1.25 MG(50000 UT) (per each): $0.72
Solution (Calcidol Oral)
200 mcg/mL (per mL): $1.66
Solution (Ergocalciferol Oral)
200 mcg/mL (per mL): $0.59 - $1.67
Disclaimer: A representative AWP (Average Wholesale Price) price or price range is provided as reference price only. A range is provided when more than one manufacturer's AWP price is available and uses the low and high price reported by the manufacturers to determine the range. The pricing data should be used for benchmarking purposes only, and as such should not be used alone to set or adjudicate any prices for reimbursement or purchasing functions or considered to be an exact price for a single product and/or manufacturer. Medi-Span expressly disclaims all warranties of any kind or nature, whether express or implied, and assumes no liability with respect to accuracy of price or price range data published in its solutions. In no event shall Medi-Span be liable for special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages arising from use of price or price range data. Pricing data is updated monthly.
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.
Capsule, Oral:
Generic: 1250 mcg (50000 unit)
1.25 mg ergocalciferol provides 50,000 units of vitamin D activity; 1 drop of 8000 units/mL = 200 units (40 drops = 1 mL)
Oral: May be administered without regard to meals; for oral liquid, administer with an accurate measuring device; do not use a household teaspoon (overdosage may occur).
Store at 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F). Protect from light.
Treatment of refractory rickets, familial hypophosphatemia, and hypoparathyroidism (All indications: Capsules: FDA approved in pediatric patients [age not specified] and adults): Vitamin D dietary supplement (OTC product: Oral solution and Tablets: FDA approved in all ages); has also been used to treat vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)
Calciferol may be confused with calcifediol, calcitriol
Drisdol may be confused with Drysol
Ergocalciferol may be confused with alfacalcidol, cholecalciferol
Liquid vitamin D preparations have the potential for dosing errors when administered to infants. Droppers should be clearly marked to easily provide 400 units. For products intended for infants, the FDA recommends that accompanying droppers deliver no more than 400 units per dose.
None known.
Note: Interacting drugs may not be individually listed below if they are part of a group interaction (eg, individual drugs within “CYP3A4 Inducers [Strong]” are NOT listed). For a complete list of drug interactions by individual drug name and detailed management recommendations, use the Lexicomp drug interactions program by clicking on the “Launch drug interactions program” link above.
Bile Acid Sequestrants: May decrease the serum concentration of Vitamin D Analogs. More specifically, bile acid sequestrants may impair absorption of Vitamin D Analogs. Management: Avoid concomitant administration of vitamin D analogs and bile acid sequestrants (eg, cholestyramine). Separate administration of these agents by several hours to minimize the potential risk of interaction. Monitor plasma calcium concentrations. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Calcium Salts: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Vitamin D Analogs. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Cardiac Glycosides: Vitamin D Analogs may enhance the arrhythmogenic effect of Cardiac Glycosides. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Danazol: May enhance the hypercalcemic effect of Vitamin D Analogs. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Erdafitinib: Serum Phosphate Level-Altering Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Erdafitinib. Management: Avoid coadministration of serum phosphate level-altering agents with erdafitinib before initial dose increase period based on serum phosphate levels (Days 14 to 21). Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Mineral Oil: May decrease the serum concentration of Vitamin D Analogs. More specifically, mineral oil may interfere with the absorption of Vitamin D Analogs. Management: Avoid concomitant, oral administration of mineral oil and vitamin D analogs. Consider separating the administration of these agents by several hours to minimize the risk of interaction. Monitor plasma calcium concentrations. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Multivitamins/Fluoride (with ADE): May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Vitamin D Analogs. Risk X: Avoid combination
Multivitamins/Minerals (with ADEK, Folate, Iron): May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Vitamin D Analogs. Risk X: Avoid combination
Orlistat: May decrease the absorption of Vitamins (Fat Soluble). Management: Administer oral fat soluble vitamins at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after the administration of orlistat. Avoid concomitant administration due to the risk of impaired vitamin absorption. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics: May enhance the hypercalcemic effect of Vitamin D Analogs. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Vitamin D Analogs: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of other Vitamin D Analogs. Risk X: Avoid combination
Vitamin D is found in egg yolks, fatty fish, fortified milk, fortified cereal, and infant formulas; it is also produced by exposure to sunlight (IOM 2011).
Dietary Reference Intake for Vitamin D (IOM 2011):
Infants 0 to 12 months: Adequate intake: 10 mcg/day (400 units/day)
1 to 70 years: RDA: 15 mcg/day (600 units/day)
>70 years: RDA: 20 mcg/day (800 units/day)
Pregnancy/Lactating: RDA: 15 mcg/day (600 units/day)
The ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) metabolite, 25(OH)D, crosses the placenta; maternal serum concentrations correlate with fetal concentrations at birth (Misra 2008; Wagner 2008).
Vitamin D deficiency in a pregnant woman may lead to a vitamin D deficiency in the neonate (Misra 2008; Wagner 2008). Serum 25(OH)D concentrations should be measured in pregnant women considered to be at increased risk of deficiency (ACOG 2011). The amount of vitamin D contained in prenatal vitamins may not be adequate to treat a deficiency during pregnancy; although larger doses may be needed, current guidelines recommend a total of 1000 to 2000 units/day until more safety data is available (ACOG 2011). In women not at risk for deficiency, doses larger than the RDA should be avoided during pregnancy (ACOG 2011).
Maternal vitamin D requirements are the same for breastfeeding and nonbreastfeeding females (IOM 2011). The maternal dose of vitamin D needed to provide the infant with an adequate amount of vitamin D is still under study (Wagner 2008)
Children at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency (chronic fat malabsorption, chronic antiseizure medication use) require serum 25(OH)D, PTH, and bone-mineral status to evaluate. If vitamin D supplement is required, then 25(OH)D levels should be repeated at 3-month intervals until normal. PTH and bone mineral-status should be monitored every 6 months until normal.
Chronic kidney disease: Monitor serum 25(OH)D, corrected total calcium and phosphorus levels 1 month following initiation of therapy, every 3 months during therapy and with any vitamin D dose change; alkaline phosphatase, BUN, bone x-ray (hypoparathyroidism)
Vitamin D status may be determined by serum 25(OH) D levels (Misra 2008):
Severe deficiency: ≤5 ng/mL (12.5 nmol/L)
Deficiency: 15 ng/mL (37.5 nmol/L)
Insufficiency: 15 to 20 ng/mL (37.5 to 50 nmol/L)
Sufficiency: 20 to 100 ng/mL (50 to 250 nmol/L)*
Excess: >100 ng/mL (250 nmol/L)**
Intoxication: 150 ng/mL (375 nmol/L)
*Based on adult data a level of >32 ng/mL (80 nmol/L) is desirable
**Arbitrary designation
Target serum 25(OH) D: >30 ng/mL
Ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) is a provitamin. The active metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol), stimulates calcium and phosphate absorption from the small intestine, promotes secretion of calcium from bone to blood; promotes renal tubule phosphate resorption.
Onset of action: 10 to 24 hours; Maximum effect: ~1 month following daily doses
Absorption: Absorbed in the small intestine; fat soluble; requires bile (IOM 2011)
Metabolism: Inactive until hydroxylated hepatically to 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D; calcifediol] then renally to the active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol)
Half-life, circulating: 25(OH)D: 2 to 3 weeks; 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D ~4 hours
Excretion: Feces (IOM 2011)
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