Contaminant | Associated clinical manifestations |
Aluminum | Neurologic deterioration, encephalopathy, bone disease, anemia |
Chlorine | Hemolysis, hyperkalemia, shortness of breath, hypoxia, cardiac arrest |
Chlorine dioxide | Likely to cause methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia |
Chloramine, (monochloramine) | Hemolysis, anemia, methemoglobinemia, EPO resistance |
Copper | Nausea, hemolysis, chills, death |
Zinc | Anemia, cardiovascular events |
Fluoride | Bone disease, pruritus, chest pain, nausea, cardiac arrest (acute exposure to high concentrations) |
Lead | Abdominal pain, muscle weakness, pruritus, peripheral neuropathy, cognitive changes |
Nitrate | Nausea and vomiting, hypotension, methemoglobinemia |
Sulfate | Nausea and vomiting, metabolic acidosis |
Hydrogen peroxide | Cyanosis, methemoglobinemia |
Silver-stabilized hydrogen peroxide | Cyanosis, methemoglobinemia |
Sodium hypochlorite | Hemolysis, hyperkalemia, shortness of breath, hypoxia, cardiac arrest |
Peracetic acid | Hemolysis |
Cyanotoxins | Acute illness, death |
Microcystins | Acute illness, death |
Calcium | Nausea, vomiting, weakness, and hypertension (hard water syndrome) |
Magnesium | Nausea and vomiting, muscle weakness |
Potassium | Cardiovascular events |
Sodium | Hypertension |
Antimony | No data for hemodialysis patients Clinical manifestations in the general population include prolonged QT interval, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and carcinogenicity |
Arsenic | No data for hemodialysis patients Clinical manifestations in the general population include dysphasia, followed by nausea, vomiting, burning in the stomach and esophagus, abdominal pain, diarrhea, cyanosis, hypoxic encephalopathy, and convulsions |
Barium | No data for hemodialysis patients Clinical manifestations in the general population include obtundation, wide complex arrhythmias, respiratory failure, and hypokalemia |
Beryllium | No data for hemodialysis patients Clinical manifestations in the general population include impaired pulmonary function, dermal reactions, and acute granulomatous immune process |
Cadmium | Anemia, osteomalacia, increased risk of death |
Chromium | No data for hemodialysis patients Clinical manifestations in the general population include microcytic hypochromic anemia, and carcinogenicity |
Mercury | No data for hemodialysis patients Clinical manifestations in the general population include acrodynia and neurologic symptoms |
Selenium | Cardiovascular events |
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