Version October 2024
It is recommended that procarbazine hydrochloride be given only by or under the supervision of a physician experienced in the use of potent antineoplastic drugs. Adequate clinical and laboratory facilities should be available to patients for proper monitoring of treatment.
Note: Refer to individual protocols for specific dosage and interval information. Procarbazine is associated with a high emetic potential (Dupuis 2011); antiemetics are recommended to prevent nausea and vomiting (Dupuis 2013). The manufacturer suggests that an estimated lean body mass be used in obese patients and patients with rapid weight gain due to edema, ascites, or abnormal fluid retention.
Hodgkin lymphoma:
MOPP regimen: Note: While procarbazine is approved as part of the MOPP regimen, the MOPP regimen is generally no longer used due to improved toxicity profiles with other combination regimens used in the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma (Kelly 2012). Manufacturer's labeling: Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Oral: 50 to 100 mg/m2/day once daily for 14 days of a 28-day cycle (Longo 1986)
BEACOPP regimen (high-risk): Limited data available: Children and Adolescents: Oral: 100 mg/m2 days 0 to 6 of a 21-day treatment cycle (in combination with bleomycin, etoposide, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone) for 2 to 4 cycles (Kelly 2011)
CNS tumors; low-grade gliomas, WHO grades 1 and 2: Limited data available: TPCV regimen: Children <10 years: Oral: 50 mg/m2 every 6 hours for 4 doses (at hours 60, 66, 72, and 78) during a 42-day cycle (in combination with thioguanine, vincristine, and lomustine) for a total of 8 cycles (Ater 2012)
Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.
All patients: There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling; use with caution; may result in increased toxicity. However, because predominantly inactive metabolites are excreted via the kidneys, dosage adjustment is not necessary (Kintzel 1995).
All patients: There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling; use with caution; may result in increased toxicity. The following adjustments have been reported in literature based primarily on experience in adult patients:
Floyd 2006:
Transaminases 1.6 to 6 times ULN: Administer 75% of dose
Transaminases >6 times ULN: Use clinical judgment
Serum bilirubin >5 mg/dL or transaminases >3 times ULN: Avoid use
(For additional information see "Procarbazine: Drug information")
Note: Procarbazine is associated with a moderate or high emetic potential; antiemetics are recommended to prevent nausea and vomiting (ASCO [Hesketh 2020]; MASCC/ESMO [Roila 2016]). The manufacturer suggests that an estimated lean body mass be used in obese patients and patients with rapid weight gain due to edema, ascites, or abnormal fluid retention. Allow a 1-month interval (or longer, based on marrow recovery) between myelosuppressive radiation or chemotherapy prior to initiation of procarbazine.
CNS tumors, anaplastic oligodendroglioma/oligoastrocytoma (off-label use): PCV regimen: Oral: 60 mg/m2 on days 8 to 21 every 6 weeks (in combination with lomustine and vincristine, begin within 4 weeks after radiotherapy) for 6 cycles (van den Bent 2006; van den Bent 2013) or 75 mg/m2 on days 8 to 21 every 6 weeks (in combination with lomustine and vincristine, followed by radiotherapy) for up to 4 cycles (Cairncross 2006; Cairncross 2013).
CNS tumors, low-grade gliomas (off-label use): PCV regimen: Oral: 60 mg/m2 on days 8 to 21 every 8 weeks (after radiotherapy; in combination with lomustine and vincristine) for 6 cycles (Buckner 2016; Shaw 2012).
Hodgkin lymphoma:
BEACOPP, standard or escalated regimen (off-label dosing): Oral: 100 mg/m2 on days 1 to 7 every 21 days (in combination with bleomycin, etoposide, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone) for 6 to 8 cycles (Diehl 2003; Engert 2012). May consider a PET scan after cycle 2 to determine (based on response) if patient is appropriate for reducing the total number of cycles to 4 or 6 eBEACOPP cycles (Borchmann 2017).
MOPP regimen: While procarbazine is approved as part of the MOPP regimen, the MOPP regimen is generally no longer used due to improved toxicity profiles with other combination regimens used in the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma.
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas, relapsed/refractory (off-label use):
CEPP regimen: Oral: 60 mg/m2 on days 1 to 10 every 28 days (in combination with cyclophosphamide, etoposide and prednisone) for up to 6 cycles (Chao 1990).
PEP-C regimen: Oral: 50 mg once daily at bedtime (length of induction cycle depends on phase of treatment and blood counts; frequency may vary based on tolerance in maintenance cycle; in combination with prednisone, etoposide, and cyclophosphamide) (Coleman 2008).
Primary CNS lymphoma (off-label use):
R-MPV regimen: Induction: Oral: 100 mg/m2/day for 7 days in cycles 1, 3, and 5 (in combination with rituximab, high-dose methotrexate, leucovorin, and vincristine; each cycle is 14 days), followed by reduced-dose whole brain radiotherapy and cytarabine (Morris 2013; Shah 2007) or autologous stem cell transplant (Omuro 2015). Two additional cycles of R-MPV may be administered to patients with partial response after initial induction chemotherapy; refer to protocols for details.
R-MP regimen: Patients ≥65 years: Oral: 60 mg/m2 on days 2 to 11 every 42 days (in combination with rituximab, high-dose methotrexate, and leucovorin) for 3 cycles, followed by maintenance treatment (beginning on day 43 after the last R-MP induction cycle): 100 mg once daily for 5 days every 28 days for 6 maintenance cycles; administer maintenance even if not all 3 induction cycles were completed (Fritsch 2017).
Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.
There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling; use with caution in patients with kidney function impairment as increased toxicity may occur. Because predominantly inactive metabolites are excreted via the kidneys, dosage adjustment is not necessary (Kintzel 1995). However, the following adjustments have been reported:
GFR ≥10 mL/minute: No dosage adjustment necessary (Krens 2019).
GFR <10 mL/minute: Use is not recommended (Krens 2019).
Hemodialysis: Use is not recommended (Krens 2019).
There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling; use with caution in patients with hepatic impairment as increased toxicity may occur. No need for dosage adjustment is expected (Krens 2019). However, the following adjustments have been reported:
Floyd 2006:
Transaminases 1.6 to 6 times ULN: Administer 75% of dose.
Transaminases >6 times ULN: Use clinical judgment.
Serum bilirubin >5 mg/dL or transaminases >3 times ULN: Avoid use.
King 2001: Serum bilirubin >5 mg/dL or transaminases >180 units/L: Avoid use.
The following adverse drug reactions and incidences are derived from product labeling unless otherwise specified. Frequency not always defined.
Cardiovascular: Edema, flushing, hypotension, syncope, tachycardia
Central nervous system: Apprehension, ataxia, chills, coma, confusion, depression, dizziness, drowsiness, falling, fatigue, hallucination, headache, hyporeflexia, insomnia, lethargy, nervousness, neuropathy, nightmares, pain, paresthesia, seizure, slurred speech, unsteadiness
Dermatologic: Alopecia, dermatitis, diaphoresis, hyperpigmentation, pruritus, skin rash, urticaria
Endocrine & metabolic: Gynecomastia (in prepubertal and early pubertal males)
Gastrointestinal: Nausea and vomiting (60% to 90%; increasing the dose in a stepwise fashion over several days may minimize), abdominal pain, anorexia, constipation, diarrhea, dysphagia, hematemesis, melena, stomatitis, xerostomia
Genitourinary: Reduced fertility (>10%), azoospermia (reported with combination chemotherapy), hematuria, nocturia
Hematologic & oncologic: Malignant neoplasm (2% to 15%; secondary; nonlymphoid; reported with combination therapy), anemia, bone marrow depression, eosinophilia, hemolysis (in patients with G6PD deficiency), hemolytic anemia, pancytopenia, petechia, purpura, thrombocytopenia
Hepatic: Hepatic insufficiency, jaundice
Hypersensitivity: Hypersensitivity reaction
Infection: Herpes virus infection, increased susceptibility to infection
Neuromuscular & skeletal: Arthralgia, foot-drop, myalgia, tremor, weakness
Ophthalmic: Accommodation disturbance, diplopia, nystagmus, papilledema, photophobia, retinal hemorrhage
Otic: Hearing loss
Renal: Polyuria
Respiratory: Cough, epistaxis, hemoptysis, hoarseness, pleural effusion, pneumonitis, pulmonary toxicity (<1%)
Miscellaneous: Fever
Known hypersensitivity to procarbazine or any component of the formulation; inadequate bone marrow reserve.
Concerns related to adverse effects:
• Bone marrow suppression: Hematologic toxicity (leukopenia and thrombocytopenia) occurs 2 to 8 weeks after treatment initiation. Allow ≥1 month interval between radiation therapy or myelosuppressive chemotherapy and initiation of procarbazine treatment.
• CNS toxicity: CNS toxicity (eg, paresthesias, neuropathies, confusion) has been observed. CNS depression may occur; use with caution with other agents associated with CNS depression.
• Disulfiram-like reaction: Avoid ethanol consumption during procarbazine therapy, as a disulfiram-like reaction may occur.
• Hemolysis: Procarbazine may cause hemolysis and/or presence of Heinz inclusion bodies in erythrocytes.
• Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage or bleeding may occur.
• Hypersensitivity: Generalized allergic reactions have been reported.
• Secondary malignancies: Procarbazine is possibly carcinogenic; acute myeloid leukemia and lung cancer have been reported following the use of procarbazine in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents.
Concurrent drug therapy issues:
• Monoamine oxidase inhibitor activity: Procarbazine may possess some monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) activity; the potential for serious drug and food interactions is unclear as there is no clinical evidence to support such interactions; following an MAOI diet (avoid tyramine-containing foods) is recommended.
In pediatric patients, undue toxicity characterized as tremors, coma, and convulsions have been reported rarely; monitor closely with use.
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.
Capsule, Oral, as hydrochloride:
Matulane: 50 mg [contains corn starch, fd&c yellow #6 (sunset yellow), methylparaben, propylparaben, quinoline yellow (d&c yellow #10)]
No
Capsules (Matulane Oral)
50 mg (per each): $155.12
Disclaimer: A representative AWP (Average Wholesale Price) price or price range is provided as reference price only. A range is provided when more than one manufacturer's AWP price is available and uses the low and high price reported by the manufacturers to determine the range. The pricing data should be used for benchmarking purposes only, and as such should not be used alone to set or adjudicate any prices for reimbursement or purchasing functions or considered to be an exact price for a single product and/or manufacturer. Medi-Span expressly disclaims all warranties of any kind or nature, whether express or implied, and assumes no liability with respect to accuracy of price or price range data published in its solutions. In no event shall Medi-Span be liable for special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages arising from use of price or price range data. Pricing data is updated monthly.
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.
Capsule, Oral, as hydrochloride:
Matulane: 50 mg [contains corn starch, fd&c yellow #6 (sunset yellow), methylparaben, propylparaben, quinoline yellow (d&c yellow #10)]
A 10 mg/mL oral suspension may be prepared using capsules, glycerin, and strawberry syrup. Empty the contents of ten 50 mg capsules into a mortar. Add 2 mL glycerin and mix to a thick uniform paste. Add 10 mL strawberry syrup in incremental proportions; mix until uniform. Transfer the mixture to an amber glass bottle and rinse mortar with small amounts of strawberry syrup; add rinses to the bottle in sufficient quantity to make 50 mL. Label “shake well” and “protect from light”. Stable for 7 days at room temperature.
Oral: Total daily dose may be administered as a single daily dose or in divided doses throughout the day to minimize GI toxicity. Procarbazine is associated with a high emetic potential (Dupuis 2011); antiemetics are recommended to prevent nausea and vomiting (Dupuis 2013).
Oral: May be administered as a single daily dose or in 2 to 3 divided doses. Some protocols administered in the evening; refer to specific protocol for details. Procarbazine is associated with a moderate or high emetic potential in adults; antiemetics are recommended to prevent nausea and vomiting (ASCO [Hesketh 2020]; MASCC/ESMO [Roila 2016]).
Hazardous agent (NIOSH 2016 [group 1]).
Use appropriate precautions for receiving, handling, storage, preparation, dispensing, transporting, administration, and disposal. Follow NIOSH and USP 800 recommendations and institution-specific policies/procedures for appropriate containment strategy (NIOSH 2016; USP-NF 2020).
Protect from light.
Treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma [FDA approved in pediatrics (age not specified) and adults]; has also been used to treat CNS tumors (low grade gliomas)
Matulane may be confused with mitotane.
Procarbazine may be confused with dacarbazine.
Matulane [US, Canada] may be confused with Materna brand name for vitamin with minerals [multiple international markets]
The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) includes this medication among its list of drug classes (chemotherapeutic agent, parenteral and oral) which have a heightened risk of causing significant patient harm when used in error (High-Alert Medications in Acute Care, Community/Ambulatory Care, and Long-Term Care Settings).
None known.
Note: Interacting drugs may not be individually listed below if they are part of a group interaction (eg, individual drugs within “CYP3A4 Inducers [Strong]” are NOT listed). For a complete list of drug interactions by individual drug name and detailed management recommendations, use the drug interactions program by clicking on the “Launch drug interactions program” link above.
Note: Interacting drugs may not be individually listed below if they are part of a group interaction (eg, individual drugs within “CYP3A4 Inducers [Strong]” are NOT listed). For a complete list of drug interactions by individual drug name and detailed management recommendations, use the drug interactions program
5-Aminosalicylic Acid Derivatives: May enhance the myelosuppressive effect of Myelosuppressive Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Abrocitinib: May enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy). Risk X: Avoid combination
Amifampridine: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the neuroexcitatory and/or seizure-potentiating effect of Amifampridine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Amisulpride (Oral): Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Amisulpride (Oral). Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Antithymocyte Globulin (Equine): Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Antithymocyte Globulin (Equine). Specifically, these effects may be unmasked if the dose of cytotoxic chemotherapy is reduced. Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Antithymocyte Globulin (Equine). Specifically, infections may occur with greater severity and/or atypical presentations. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Antithyroid Agents: Myelosuppressive Agents may enhance the neutropenic effect of Antithyroid Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
ARIPiprazole: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of ARIPiprazole. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
ARIPiprazole Lauroxil: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of ARIPiprazole Lauroxil. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Asenapine: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Asenapine. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Baricitinib: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Baricitinib. Risk X: Avoid combination
BCG Products: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of BCG Products. Specifically, the risk of vaccine-associated infection may be increased. Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of BCG Products. Risk X: Avoid combination
Benperidol: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Benperidol. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Blonanserin: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Blonanserin. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Brexpiprazole: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Brexpiprazole. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Brincidofovir: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Brincidofovir. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Brivudine: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy). Risk X: Avoid combination
Bromperidol: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Bromperidol. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
BuPROPion: May enhance the neuroexcitatory and/or seizure-potentiating effect of Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Cariprazine: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Cariprazine. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Chikungunya Vaccine (Live): Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Chikungunya Vaccine (Live). Specifically, the risk of vaccine-associated infection may be increased. Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Chikungunya Vaccine (Live). Risk X: Avoid combination
Chloramphenicol (Ophthalmic): May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Myelosuppressive Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Chloramphenicol (Systemic): Myelosuppressive Agents may enhance the myelosuppressive effect of Chloramphenicol (Systemic). Risk X: Avoid combination
ChlorproMAZINE: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of ChlorproMAZINE. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Cladribine: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Cladribine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Clothiapine: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Clothiapine. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
CloZAPine: Myelosuppressive Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of CloZAPine. Specifically, the risk for neutropenia may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
CloZAPine: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of CloZAPine. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
CNS Depressants: Procarbazine may enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Coccidioides immitis Skin Test: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the diagnostic effect of Coccidioides immitis Skin Test. Management: Consider discontinuing cytotoxic chemotherapy several weeks prior to coccidioides immitis skin antigen testing to increase the likelihood of accurate diagnostic results. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
COVID-19 Vaccine (Adenovirus Vector): Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of COVID-19 Vaccine (Adenovirus Vector). Management: Administer a 2nd dose using an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (at least 4 weeks after the primary vaccine dose) and a bivalent booster dose (at least 2 months after the additional mRNA dose or any other boosters). Risk D: Consider therapy modification
COVID-19 Vaccine (Inactivated Virus): Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of COVID-19 Vaccine (Inactivated Virus). Risk C: Monitor therapy
COVID-19 Vaccine (mRNA): Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of COVID-19 Vaccine (mRNA). Management: Give a 3-dose primary series for all patients aged 6 months and older taking immunosuppressive medications or therapies. Booster doses are recommended for certain age groups. See CDC guidance for details. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
COVID-19 Vaccine (Subunit): Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of COVID-19 Vaccine (Subunit). Risk C: Monitor therapy
COVID-19 Vaccine (Virus-like Particles): Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of COVID-19 Vaccine (Virus-like Particles). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Deferiprone: Myelosuppressive Agents may enhance the neutropenic effect of Deferiprone. Management: Avoid the concomitant use of deferiprone and myelosuppressive agents whenever possible. If this combination cannot be avoided, monitor the absolute neutrophil count more closely. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Dengue Tetravalent Vaccine (Live): Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Dengue Tetravalent Vaccine (Live). Specifically, the risk of vaccine-associated infection may be increased. Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Dengue Tetravalent Vaccine (Live). Risk X: Avoid combination
Denosumab: May enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy). Management: Consider the risk of serious infections versus the potential benefits of coadministration of denosumab and cytotoxic chemotherapy. If combined, monitor patients for signs/symptoms of serious infections. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Deucravacitinib: May enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy). Risk X: Avoid combination
DroPERidol: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of DroPERidol. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Etrasimod: May enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy). Risk X: Avoid combination
Fexinidazole: Myelosuppressive Agents may enhance the myelosuppressive effect of Fexinidazole. Risk X: Avoid combination
Filgotinib: May enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy). Risk X: Avoid combination
Flupentixol: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Flupentixol. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
FluPHENAZine: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of FluPHENAZine. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Haloperidol: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Haloperidol. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Iloperidone: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Iloperidone. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Inebilizumab: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Inebilizumab. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Influenza Virus Vaccines: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Influenza Virus Vaccines. Management: Administer influenza vaccines at least 2 weeks prior to initiating chemotherapy if possible. If vaccination occurs less than 2 weeks prior to or during chemotherapy, revaccinate at least 3 months after therapy discontinued if immune competence restored. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Iohexol: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Iohexol. Specifically, the risk for seizures may be increased. Management: Discontinue agents that may lower the seizure threshold 48 hours prior to intrathecal use of iohexol. Wait at least 24 hours after the procedure to resume such agents. In nonelective procedures, consider use of prophylactic antiseizure drugs. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Iomeprol: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Iomeprol. Specifically, the risk for seizures may be increased. Management: Discontinue agents that may lower the seizure threshold 48 hours prior to intrathecal use of iomeprol. Wait at least 24 hours after the procedure to resume such agents. In nonelective procedures, consider use of prophylactic antiseizure drugs. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Iopamidol: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Iopamidol. Specifically, the risk for seizures may be increased. Management: Discontinue agents that may lower the seizure threshold 48 hours prior to intrathecal use of iopamidol. Wait at least 24 hours after the procedure to resume such agents. In nonelective procedures, consider use of prophylactic antiseizure drugs. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Isocarboxazid: Procarbazine may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Isocarboxazid. Risk X: Avoid combination
Leflunomide: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Leflunomide. Management: Increase the frequency of chronic monitoring of platelet, white blood cell count, and hemoglobin or hematocrit to monthly, instead of every 6 to 8 weeks, if leflunomide is coadministered with immunosuppressive agents, such as cytotoxic chemotherapy. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Lenograstim: Antineoplastic Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Lenograstim. Management: Avoid the use of lenograstim 24 hours before until 24 hours after the completion of myelosuppressive cytotoxic chemotherapy. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Levosulpiride: Benzamide Derivatives may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Levosulpiride. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Linezolid: May enhance the myelosuppressive effect of Myelosuppressive Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Lipegfilgrastim: Antineoplastic Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Lipegfilgrastim. Management: Avoid concomitant use of lipegfilgrastim and myelosuppressive cytotoxic chemotherapy. Lipegfilgrastim should be administered at least 24 hours after the completion of myelosuppressive cytotoxic chemotherapy. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Loxapine: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Loxapine. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Lumateperone: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Lumateperone. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Lurasidone: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Lurasidone. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Methotrimeprazine: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Methotrimeprazine. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Molindone: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Molindone. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Mumps- Rubella- or Varicella-Containing Live Vaccines: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Mumps- Rubella- or Varicella-Containing Live Vaccines. Specifically, the risk of vaccine-associated infection may be increased. Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Mumps- Rubella- or Varicella-Containing Live Vaccines. Risk X: Avoid combination
Nadofaragene Firadenovec: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Nadofaragene Firadenovec. Specifically, the risk of disseminated adenovirus infection may be increased. Risk X: Avoid combination
Natalizumab: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Natalizumab. Risk X: Avoid combination
Ocrelizumab: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Ocrelizumab. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Ofatumumab: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Ofatumumab. Risk C: Monitor therapy
OLANZapine: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of OLANZapine. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Olaparib: Myelosuppressive Agents may enhance the myelosuppressive effect of Olaparib. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Palifermin: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Antineoplastic Agents. Specifically, the duration and severity of oral mucositis may be increased. Management: Do not administer palifermin within 24 hours before, during infusion of, or within 24 hours after administration of myelotoxic chemotherapy. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Paliperidone: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Paliperidone. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Periciazine: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Periciazine. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Perphenazine: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Perphenazine. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Pidotimod: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Pidotimod. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Pimecrolimus: May enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy). Risk X: Avoid combination
Pimozide: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Pimozide. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Pipamperone [INT]: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Pipamperone [INT]. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Pneumococcal Vaccines: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Pneumococcal Vaccines. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Poliovirus Vaccine (Live/Trivalent/Oral): Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Poliovirus Vaccine (Live/Trivalent/Oral). Specifically, the risk of vaccine-associated infection may be increased. Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Poliovirus Vaccine (Live/Trivalent/Oral). Risk X: Avoid combination
Polyethylene Glycol-Electrolyte Solution: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Polyethylene Glycol-Electrolyte Solution. Specifically, the risk of seizure may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Polymethylmethacrylate: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the potential for allergic or hypersensitivity reactions to Polymethylmethacrylate. Management: Use caution when considering use of bovine collagen-containing implants such as the polymethylmethacrylate-based Bellafill brand implant in patients who are receiving immunosuppressants. Consider use of additional skin tests prior to administration. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Prochlorperazine: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Prochlorperazine. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Promazine: May enhance the myelosuppressive effect of Myelosuppressive Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Promazine: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Promazine. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
QUEtiapine: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of QUEtiapine. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Rabies Vaccine: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Rabies Vaccine. Management: Complete rabies vaccination at least 2 weeks before initiation of immunosuppressant therapy if possible. If combined, check for rabies antibody titers, and if vaccination is for post exposure prophylaxis, administer a 5th dose of the vaccine. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
RisperiDONE: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of RisperiDONE. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Ritlecitinib: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Ritlecitinib. Risk X: Avoid combination
Ropeginterferon Alfa-2b: Myelosuppressive Agents may enhance the myelosuppressive effect of Ropeginterferon Alfa-2b. Management: Avoid coadministration of ropeginterferon alfa-2b and other myelosuppressive agents. If this combination cannot be avoided, monitor patients for excessive myelosuppressive effects. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Ruxolitinib (Topical): Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Ruxolitinib (Topical). Risk X: Avoid combination
Sertindole: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Sertindole. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Sipuleucel-T: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Sipuleucel-T. Management: Consider reducing the dose or discontinuing the use of immunosuppressants, such as cytotoxic chemotherapy, prior to initiating sipuleucel-T therapy. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Sodium Phosphates: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Sodium Phosphates. Specifically, the risk of seizure or loss of consciousness may be increased in patients with significant sodium phosphate-induced fluid or electrolyte abnormalities. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Sphingosine 1-Phosphate (S1P) Receptor Modulator: May enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Sulpiride: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Sulpiride. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Tacrolimus (Topical): Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Tacrolimus (Topical). Risk X: Avoid combination
Talimogene Laherparepvec: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Talimogene Laherparepvec. Specifically, the risk of infection from the live, attenuated herpes simplex virus contained in talimogene laherparepvec may be increased. Risk X: Avoid combination
Tertomotide: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Tertomotide. Risk X: Avoid combination
Thioridazine: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Thioridazine. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Thiothixene: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Thiothixene. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Tofacitinib: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Tofacitinib. Risk X: Avoid combination
Trifluoperazine: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Trifluoperazine. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Typhoid Vaccine: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Typhoid Vaccine. Specifically, the risk of vaccine-associated infection may be increased. Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Typhoid Vaccine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Ublituximab: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Ublituximab. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Upadacitinib: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Upadacitinib. Risk X: Avoid combination
Vaccines (Live): Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Vaccines (Live). Specifically, the risk of vaccine-associated infection may be increased. Vaccines (Live) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy). Risk X: Avoid combination
Vaccines (Non-Live/Inactivated/Non-Replicating): Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Vaccines (Non-Live/Inactivated/Non-Replicating). Management: Give non-live/inactivated/non-replicating vaccines at least 2 weeks prior to starting chemotherapy when possible. Patients vaccinated less than 14 days before or during chemotherapy should be revaccinated at least 3 months after therapy is complete. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Yellow Fever Vaccine: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Yellow Fever Vaccine. Specifically, the risk of vaccine-associated infection may be increased. Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Yellow Fever Vaccine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Ziprasidone: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Ziprasidone. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Zuclopenthixol: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Zuclopenthixol. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Ethanol: Ethanol may cause a disulfiram reaction. Management: Avoid ethanol.
Food: Concurrent ingestion of foods rich in tyramine, dopamine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, or caffeine may cause sudden and severe high blood pressure (hypertensive crisis or serotonin syndrome). Management: Avoid tyramine-containing foods (aged or matured cheese, air-dried or cured meats including sausages and salamis; fava or broad bean pods, tap/draft beers, Marmite concentrate, sauerkraut, soy sauce, and other soybean condiments). Food’s freshness is also an important concern; improperly stored or spoiled food can create an environment in which tyramine concentrations may increase. Avoid foods containing dopamine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, or caffeine.
Avoid tyramine-containing foods/beverages. Some examples include aged or matured cheese; air-dried, smoked, pickled, or cured meats (including sausages and salamis); fava or broad bean pods; tap/draft beers; ripe bananas; Marmite concentrate; sauerkraut; and soy sauce and other soybean condiments.
Patients who could become pregnant should avoid pregnancy during treatment. In general, patients who could become pregnant should use effective contraception during systemic anti-cancer therapy and for 3 to 6 months after the last dose. Patients with partners who could become pregnant should use effective contraception during treatment and for 3 to 6 months after the last dose of systemic anti-cancer therapy (ESMO [Peccatori 2013]).
Procarbazine is associated with a high risk of azoospermia and infertility (ESMO [Lambertini 2020]). Azoospermia and infertility have been reported with procarbazine when used in combination with other chemotherapy agents.
Recommendations are available for fertility preservation of male and female patients to be treated with anticancer agents (ASCO [Oktay 2018], Klipstein 2020).
Outcome data following maternal use of procarbazine during pregnancy are available (NTP 2013). Procarbazine may cause fetal harm if administered during pregnancy. There are case reports of fetal malformations in the offspring of pregnant patients exposed to procarbazine as part of a combination chemotherapy regimen.
The European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) has published guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of cancer during pregnancy. The guidelines recommend referral to a facility with expertise in cancer during pregnancy and encourage a multidisciplinary team (obstetrician, neonatologist, oncology team) approach. In general, if chemotherapy is indicated, it should be avoided in the first trimester and there should be a 3-week time period between the last chemotherapy dose and anticipated delivery, and chemotherapy should not be administered beyond week 33 of gestation (ESMO [Peccatori 2013]).
A long-term observational research study is collecting information about the diagnosis and treatment of cancer during pregnancy. For additional information about the pregnancy and cancer registry or to become a participant, contact Cooper Health (877-635-4499).
CBC with differential, platelet and reticulocyte count (at least every 3 to 4 days); also urinalysis (weekly), liver function test (prior to therapy and weekly), renal function test (prior to therapy and weekly), alkaline phosphatase (weekly). Monitor for infections, CNS toxicity, and gastrointestinal toxicities.
Procarbazine inhibits DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis by inhibiting transmethylation of methionine into transfer RNA; may also damage DNA directly through alkylation.
Absorption: Rapid and complete.
Distribution: Crosses the blood-brain barrier and distributes into CSF.
Metabolism: Primarily hepatic. Oxidized to active metabolites methylazoxy-procarbazine and benzylazoxy-procarbazine, then further metabolized to inactive metabolites (Kintzel 1995).
Half-life elimination: ~1 hour (Perry 2012).
Time to peak, plasma: ≤1 hour (Perry 2012).
Excretion: Urine (70% as inactive metabolites [Kintzel 1995]; <5% as unchanged drug).
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