Pain pathways^[1-3]

NSAIDs: nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs; TCAs: tricyclic antidepressants; SNRIs: serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors.

References:

Martyn J, Mao J, Bittner EA. Opioid Tolerance in Critical Illness. N Engl J Med 2019; 380:365.
Chen L, Michalsen A. Management of chronic pain using complementary and integrative medicine. BMJ 2017; 357:j1284.
Al-Hasani R, Bruchas MR. Molecular mechanisms of opioid receptor-dependent signaling and behavior. Anesthesiology 2011; 115:1363.

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Pain pathways[1-3]