Schematic diagram of the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy

NO: nitric oxide; PGI2: prostacyclin; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; TGF-beta: transforming growth factor-beta; AGEs: advanced glycation end products; PIGF: placenta growth factor; PEDF: pigment epithelium-derived factor.

Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Eye. Cai J, Boulton M. The pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy: old concepts and new questions. Eye 2002; 16:242. Copyright © 2002. https://www.nature.com/eye/.

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Schematic diagram of the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy