Mechanisms of arginine vasopressin resistance due to hypercalcemia, hypokalemia, and lithium toxicity

Arginine vasopressin resistance was previously called nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

AQP2: aquaporin 2; CaSR: calcium sensing receptor; Ca²⁺: calcium ion; ENaC: epithelial sodium channel; Li⁺: lithium ion; K⁺: potassium ion; K-3: gycogen synthase kinase-3; P: phosphate; Red oval with black line: inhibits; UT-A1: urea transporter A1.

Adapted from: Khositseth S, Charngkaew K, Boonkrai C, et al. Hypercalcemia induces targeted autophagic degradation of aquaporin-2 at the onset of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Kidney Int 2017; 91:1070.

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