Pathology associated with gait abnormalities

Clinical observation	Possible associated pathology* or abnormality
Excessive head or shoulder movement or asymmetry	Multiple lower extremity pathologies; reduced gait efficiency
Arm motion asymmetry	Shoulder or elbow joint restrictions; abdominal pain; reduced running efficiency; may occur in runner with scoliosis
Limb length discrepancy	Hip pain; knee pain; MTSS; stress fractures; plantar fasciitis
Lateral pelvic tilt	Contralateral hip abductor weakness; hamstring strain
Excessive hip adduction at midstance	Tibial stress fracture; gluteus medius syndrome
Excessive anterior pelvic tilt	Low back pain; hamstring tendinopathy
Genu valgus	MTSS; medial knee joint line pain; PFP; ITBS
Genu varum	ITBS; fibular stress fracture; lateral knee joint line pain
Heel valgus/low medial longitudinal arch	Posterior tibial tendinopathy; plantar fasciitis; calf muscle injury
Excessive pronation	Shin splints; tibial stress fractures; PFP
Pronation late into toe-off	Hallux rigidus; hallux valgus

MTSS: medial tibial stress syndrome; PFP: patellofemoral pain; ITBS: iliotibial band syndrome.
* Evidence supporting the associations between gait abnormalities and specific injuries or conditions is extremely limited. A careful history, examination, and possibly diagnostic imaging are needed to confirm possible associations.

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Pathology associated with gait abnormalities