Difficulty in operative access and exposure: |
- Previous upper abdominal surgery
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Inflammatory processes involving the gallbladder: |
- Severe chronic cholecystitis
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- Multiple prior attacks of biliary colic
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- Thickened gallbladder wall on ultrasound
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- Shrunken, contracted gallbladder on imaging
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- Emphysematous cholecystitis
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Other conditions: |
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