Etiology of neonatal shock based on pathogenesis

Classification	Disorder
Hypovolemic
Hemorrhage	Fetomaternal hemorrhage Severe bleeding (eg, subgaleal hemorrhage, umbilical cord rupture, internal bleeding) Twin-twin transfusion
Non-hemorrhage	Third spacing from acute intestinal injury (eg, volvulus, necrotizing enterocolitis) Gastrointestinal fluid loss from congenital chloridorrhea Polyuria due to congenital diabetes insipidus
Distributive
Sepsis
Non-sepsis	Adrenal insufficiency Hydrops fetalis Neonatal toxic shock syndrome
Cardiogenic
Cardiomyopathic	Myocardial ischemia/hypoxemia Myocarditis Congenital cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic	Congenital complete heart block Tachyarrhythmia (eg, SVT, VT)
Structural	Congenital heart disease: Hypoplastic left heart syndrome Critical aortic stenosis Critical coarctation of the aorta Interrupted aortic arch Obstructed total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Obstructive
Pulmonary vascular	Severe pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary embolus
Mechanical	Tension pneumothorax Pericardial tamponade Constrictive pericarditis

SVT: supraventricular tachycardia; VT: ventricular tachycardia.

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