Minimally invasive thoracoscopic pericardial window

The figure illustrates the port placement and approach for the left thoracoscopic pericardial window.

de Hoyos A, Patel A, Santos RC, Landreneau RJ. Video-assisted thoracic surgery for mediastinal tumors and cysts and other diseases within the mediastinum. In: General Thoracic Surgery, 6th ed, Shields TW, LoCicero J, Ponn RB, Rusch VW (Eds), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2005.

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