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Medications and other substances with anticholinergic properties that may be involved in acute poisoning

Medications and other substances with anticholinergic properties that may be involved in acute poisoning
Class Drugs
Antihistamines
  • H1 receptor antagonists (1st generation, eg, brompheniramine, carbinoxamine, chlorpheniramine, clemastine, cyproheptadine, dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, doxepin, doxylamine, hydroxyzine, meclizine, triprolidine, others)
Antiparkinson
  • Benztropine, trihexyphenidyl
Antimuscarinic, overactive bladder
  • Darifenacin, fesoterodine, flavoxate, oxybutynin, solifenacin, tolterodine, trospium
Antimuscarinic, spasmolytic
  • Atropine, belladonna-containing medications, clidinium-chlordiazepoxide, dicyclomine, hyoscyamine, glycopyrrolate, homatropine, methscopolamine, propantheline, scopolamine (hyoscine)
Antimuscarinic, inhaled bronchodilator
  • Ipratropium, tiotropium
Antimuscarinic, ophthalmic drops¶ (mydriatic/cycloplegic)
  • Atropine, cyclopentolate, homatropine, scopolamine
Gastrointestinal
  • Antiemetics (eg, hydroxyzine, meclizine, promethazine, scopolamine); also refer to 1st generation antihistamines above
Muscle relaxant
  • Cyclobenzaprine, orphenadrine, tizanidine
Psychotropic
  • High relative anticholinergic potency:
    • Antipsychotics 1st generation: Chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, loxapine, methotrimeprazine (levomepromazine), thioridazine, trifluoperazine
    • Antipsychotics 2nd generation: Clozapine
    • Tricyclic antidepressants (eg, amitriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, nortriptyline)
  • Low relative anticholinergic potency:
    • Antipsychotics 1st generation: Haloperidol, perphenazine*, others
    • Antipsychotics 2nd generation (eg, olanzapine*, quetiapine*, iloperidone, risperidone, others)
Plants
  • Angel's trumpet (Brugmansia species)
  • Deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna)
  • Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger)
  • Jimson weed (Datura stramonium)
  • Mandrake (Mandragora officinarum)
  • Moonflower (Datura inoxia)
  • Muscarinic mushroom species (particularly Clitocybe and Inocybe)
  • Other muscarine-containing mushrooms include: Amanita, Entoloma, and Mycena species
  • Nightshade species: American nightshade (Solanum americanum), Bittersweet woody nightshade (Solanum dulcamara), Black (common) nightshade (Solanum nigrum)
A large number of medicines are reported to have some anticholinergic activity and considerable variation exists in potency rankings assigned to specific drugs using available anticholinergic risk scales and in expert lists; this list includes only those drugs and agents more likely to be involved in anticholinergic poisoning. Increasing dose and additive effects from simultaneous use of more than one anticholinergic drug can alter the anticholinergic activity rating provided in this table.
* Classified as moderate or high anticholinergic potency in some references or variable effects reported.
¶ Adverse anticholinergic effects may be observed with excessive topical use, but poisoning risk is greater with oral ingestion.
Courtesy of Stephen J Traub, MD with additional data from:
  1. Durán CE, Azermai M, Vander Stichele RH. Systematic review of anticholinergic risk scales in older adults. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 69:1485.
  2. Salahudeen MS, Hilmer SN, Nishtala PS. Comparison of anticholinergic risk scales and associations with adverse health outcomes in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63:85.
  3. United States prescribing information available at US National Library of Medicine DailyMed website (https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/index.cfm).
  4. American Geriatrics Society 2015 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. American Geriatrics Society 2015 updated Beers Criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63:2227.
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