Version June 2024
| Changes in estrogen-progesterone levels |
| Pregnancy |
| Eclampsia-preeclampsia |
| Ovarian stimulation |
| Oral contraceptive medications |
| Headache disorders |
| Primary thunderclap headache |
| Primary cough headache |
| Primary headache associated with sexual activity |
| Exercise (exertional) headache |
| Migraine |
| Vasoconstrictive agents |
| Antimigraine agents (triptans, isometheptene, ergotamine tartrate) |
| Blood products (red blood cell transfusions, erythropoietin) |
| Cough and cold suppressants (phenylpropanolamine, pseudoephedrine) |
| Diet pills and energy-enhancing agents (amphetamine derivatives, Hydroxycut) |
| Antidepressants (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors) |
| Adrenergic agents (epinephrine, bromocriptine, lisuride) |
| Illicit drugs (cocaine, ecstasy, marijuana, lysergic acid diethylamide) |
| Chemotherapeutic agents (tacrolimus, cyclophosphamide) |
| Other (indomethacin, interferon alpha, intravenous immune globulin, licorice, ma huang [ephedra], methylergonovine, nicotine patches) |
| Tumors |
| Carcinoid, carotid paraganglioma, pheochromocytoma |
| Metabolic |
| Hypercalcemia, porphyria |
| Environmental exposure or trauma |
| High altitude |
| Cold water exposure |
| Swimming |
| Head trauma |
| Vascular |
| Cerebral venous thrombosis |
| Cervical artery dissection |
| Postcarotid endarterectomy |
| Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) |
| Neurosurgical manipulation of intracerebral arteries |
| Spinal subdural hematoma |
| Unruptured saccular cerebral aneurysm |
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