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Anticholinergic activity of medications

Anticholinergic activity of medications
Class Drugs Relative anticholinergic potency
Antihistamines H1 receptor antagonists, first-generation: brompheniramine, carbinoxamine, chlorpheniramine, clemastine, cyproheptadine, dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, doxepin, doxylamine, hydroxyzine, meclizine, triprolidine, others High
H1 receptor antagonists, second-generation: fexofenadine, cetirizine*, loratadine, desloratadine, levocetirizine, others Low
Antiparkinson Benztropine, trihexyphenidyl High
Amantadine, bromocriptine, entacapone Low
Analgesic Opioids: codeine, hydrocodone, fentanyl, meperidine, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, tramadol, others Low
Antimuscarinic, overactive bladder Darifenacin, fesoterodine, flavoxate, oxybutynin, solifenacin, tolterodine, trospium High
Antimuscarinic, spasmolytic Atropine, belladonna-containing medications, clidinium-chlordiazepoxide, dicyclomine, hyoscyamine, glycopyrrolate, homatropine, methscopolamine, propantheline, scopolamine (hyoscine) High
Antimuscarinic, inhaled bronchodilator Ipratropium, tiotropium High (local effect)
Antimuscarinic, ophthalmic drops (mydriatic/cycloplegic) Atropine, cyclopentolate, homatropine, scopolamine High (local effect)
Cardiovascular Disopyramide Low
Gastrointestinal Antiemetics (eg, hydroxyzine, meclizine, promethazine, scopolamine); also refer to first-generation antihistamines above High
Domperidone, loperamide, prochlorperazine Low
H2 receptor antagonists (cimetidine, famotidine) Low
Muscle relaxant Orphenadrine, tizanidine High
Cyclobenzaprine*, baclofen, methocarbamol Low
Psychotropic Antipsychotics, first-generation: chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, loxapine, methotrimeprazine (levomepromazine), thioridazine, trifluoperazine High
Antipsychotics, first-generation: haloperidol, perphenazine*, others Low
Antipsychotics, second-generation: clozapine High
Antipsychotics, second-generation: olanzapine*, quetiapine*, iloperidone, risperidone, others Low
Benzodiazepines: chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, temazepam, triazolam Low
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants: citalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine* Low
Tricyclic antidepressants: amitriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, nortriptyline, others High
Other neurologic Carbamazepine, lithium, nefazodone, oxcarbazepine, phenelzine, trazodone Low
A large number of medicines are reported to have some anticholinergic activity, and considerable variation exists in potency rankings assigned to specific drugs using available anticholinergic risk scales and in expert lists; this list is not exhaustive. Increasing dose and additive effects from simultaneous use of more than one anticholinergic drug can alter the anticholinergic activity rating provided in this table.
* Classified as moderate or high anticholinergic potency in some references or variable effects reported.
¶ Intravenous famotidine use has been associated with central nervous system effects (eg, delirium and confusion) in hospitalized older adults and patients with renal function impairment; this may be due to a central anticholinergic effect.
Courtesy of Paula A Rochon, MD with additional data from:
  1. Durán CE, Azermai M, Vander Stichele RH. Systematic review of anticholinergic risk scales in older adults. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 69:1485.
  2. Salahudeen MS, Hilmer SN, Nishtala PS. Comparison of anticholinergic risk scales and associations with adverse health outcomes in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63:85.
  3. United States prescribing information available at US National Library of Medicine DailyMed website (https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/).
  4. American Geriatrics Society 2015 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. American Geriatrics Society 2015 updated Beers Criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63:2227.
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