Atrial septal defects

The normal atrial septum (Panel A), as well as various types of ASD are shown.
(Panel B) Secundum ASD is formed by the poor growth of the septum secundum or excessive absorption of the septum primum.
(Panel C) Primum ASD is formed by the failure of the septum primum to fuse with the endocardial cushions. The fossa ovalis is normal. The frontal view of the primum ASD shows the caudal location of the ASD just above the endocardial cushion.
(Panel D) Sinus venosus ASD is caused by the malposition of the insertion of the superior or inferior vena cava and is outside the area of the fossa ovalis.